Downloads / Energy in a Low carbon economy

Energy Equity and Innovation in Emerging Countries

Mr Sebastián del Hoyo, University of Buenos Aires The ability to produce innovation on a large scale is one of the key factors behind the creation of a developed economy: an economy of knowledge.  When considering most of the countries in the emerging world, it is seen that many of them rely heavily on natural resources to develop their economies and societies. The main argument is that those countries have competitive advantages in doing so – think oil in the Middle East or agriculture in Latin America. There are some other countries that are more aware of the importance of industrialization for the development of their economies. Energy is one of the most important levers in human development and, as such, acts as a key factor in determining the economic development of all countries. In addition, the inequality within and across countries between those who have access and those who do not is on the increase. This paper is aimed at answering how could emerging economies will be able to play by the rules in terms of property rights and Read more…

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Energy Equity and Innovation in Emerging Countries - Paper.pdf 445.46 KBEnergy Equity and Innovation in Emerging Countries - Presentation.pdf 738.23 KB
23rd
Sep
2010

The Institutional Framework for China’s Energy Transition

Professor Philip Andrews-Speed, University of Dundee How China manages its transition to a low carbon economy though the reform of its energy sector is of critical importance the whole world. Through an examination of the institutions of energy governance in China, this paper identifies a number of key features which are likely to determine the future evolution of its energy sector. At one level are the embedded institutions which have their roots in more than four thousand years of history and derive from the country’s origin as an hydraulic agrarian regime. These include the preference for conformity, the importance of  personal relationships, and attitudes towards truth.  The way that natural resources are governed is also coloured by traditional views on the relationship between man and nature, on self-reliance, and on the role of the state. At another level, analysis of the current institutional environment shows how the formal structures government, the Communist Party and the legal system operate in the context of these deeply rooted values to determine policy making and implementation in the energy sector. As a consequence, China’s Read more…

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The Institutional Framework for China’s Energy Transition - Paper.pdf 84.82 KB
23rd
Sep
2010

Passenger Road Transport in the Long Run

Katharina Gruenberg, Shell Research Ltd In a rapidly changing world the demand for energy seems ever increasing. Good insight into future energy demand levels of now developing countries is usually obtained from the countries that have already climbed up the so-called energy ladder based on economic drivers. Commonly acknowledged, the energy economies of the countries will vary further by geographic and demographic variables: indisputably, India, being warmer and more dispersed, will exhibit a different domestic heating and transport patterns of energy consumption than the ‘average OECD country’. The question is: How different? What will the patterns of the developing countries look like in the future and what is the impact at the world level? And what is the time frame we are talking about? Shell is known for its interest in long-term future energy consumption, through work such as “Shell Energy Scenarios to 2050” published in 2008. This presentation will show the results of further incorporating important country-specific characteristics into our long-term outlooks for energy.

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Passenger Road Transport in the Long Run - Presentation.pdf 136.46 KB
23rd
Sep
2010

Leading the way in Asia, Africa and the Middle East

Yulanda Chung, Standard Chartered Bank Sustainability and energy are important considerations in the SCB’s financing decisions, which are more widely governed by the Equator Principles. The procedures used are based on the lending process and E&S risk management across: preliminary screening; due diligence; approval; and monitoring (with country and governance risk overlays). In respect to climate risk assessment, SCB consider how geographies, financial products and sectors intersect, assessing: regulatory risks; reputational risks (to bank and client) and physical risk. These enable a matrix based assessment to be used in respect to climate change risk, across these four areas, on a five year, ten year and greater than 15 year timescale – using a low, medium and high risk analysis. Examples and descriptions are provided for three examples within China: real estate; power generation; and the auto industry.  This allows financing decisions to consider climate change risk and energy intensity within individual investments and across SCB’s portfolios.

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Leading the way in Asia, Africa and the Middle East - Presentation.pdf 1.31 MB
23rd
Sep
2010

What can we learn from the BRIC countries?

Jim Watson, SPRU University of Sussex Global trends from IEA show that: energy demand could increase by 40% by 2030; fossil fuel use will continue to be dominant; CO2 emissions will continue to rise; and fossil fuel prices will continue to increase (all based on a BAU scenario). Many of the key drivers to these changes are a result of increased demand within Asia, the Middle East and from other non-OECD countries. Data on China shows a rapidly rising demand for energy, with associated rising emissions, although energy intensity is falling and access to electricity is increasing. Their policy approach includes targets to reduce energy intensity, increase the use of renewables and nuclear power, and provide stimulus funds for cleaner technologies and energy efficiency. In respect to industrial policy, for wind, China and India are developing approaches to catch up through industrial development and technology adoption, using integrated approaches to policy and regulation, R&D support and the use of national and global learning networks. Similar approaches are also being used to support Korean steel. In terms of learning from these Read more…

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What can we learn from the BRIC countries? - Presentation.pdf 602.33 KB
23rd
Sep
2010

Economies of Scale vs the Learning Curve

Joan MacNaughton, Alstom The global challenge is to reduce energy-related CO2 emissions and secure significant investment for generation plant. Meeting this challenge within the power sector will require a range of technology mixes as well as production efficiency and the use of CCS. For CCS, estimated costs per tonne of CO2 saved is expected to fall as the technology moves from demonstration to commercialisation, as has been seen through learning rates for other technologies. Performance is already there for a number of CCS demonstrations and the technology is expected to continue to improve, as costs fall. To enable this, a policy framework is needed, that: funds large scale demonstrations; links CCS to cap and trade systems; considers regional approaches to transport and storage; regulations; and public acceptance. A range of risks exist, including: commercial; policy and regulatory; political; and infrastructure needs. However, there is growing consensus over the need to decarbonise power by 2030, which is technologically feasible, should be based on all technology solutions and facilitated through the right policy framework.

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Economies of Scale vs the Learning Curve - Presentation.pdf 1.1 MB
23rd
Sep
2010

Is small always beautiful or is bigger better?

Dr Keith MacLean, SSE The policy context shows that there is: an unnatural pace, scale and technology mix required by national/international targets; a credit crunch; concerns over funding and costs to consumers; a desire to attract new entrants; and a drive to localism. Delivery against these issues will require the prioritisation of solutions at the required scale and pace, whilst giving the biggest ‘bang for the buck’; the need to distinguish between the traded and non-traded sectors; and a need to compromise on the multiple policy drivers. A possible approach could include action within energy efficiency and heat, given that most of the savings from these are within the non-traded sector, as well as action on electricity, given that this will become a major source of decarbonisation within the heat and transport sectors.  The reality is that public and political priorities do not always reflect economic rationality, which should be focussed on the non-traded sector; heat and energy efficiency with significant small scale and local deployment; and larger scale electricity solutions. More focus is also needed on finding the right Read more…

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Is small always beautiful or is bigger better? - Presentation.pdf 37.76 KB
23rd
Sep
2010

Economies of Scale vs the Learning Curve in the Heat Sector

Dr Gareth Davies, Poyry Tackling heat is vital to delivering a low-carbon future, given that heat production is responsible for nearly half of UK’s final energy consumption and carbon emissions. One approach for decarbonising heat is through small-scale, on-site/building based technologies, with policy incentivising technologies like GSHP, ASHPs, biomass boilers, solar thermal and micro-CHP. Another is through the development of large scale, district heating networks (DHN), which offer improved energy efficiency and CO2 reductions, flexibility in utilising a range of heat sources and the potential to be a low cost solution. However, compared to conventional heating, stand-alone renewable heat technologies and DHNs cannot generally compete on cost, even though they offer substantial carbon savings. Consideration of carbon abatement costs between alternative forms of heat, shows that DHNs (large and medium scale) generally provide a better cost per tonne of carbon saved, than individual renewable heat technologies. It is also feasible to access waste heat at scale, but not within the current institutional and commercial framework, which results in: economic barriers (project risk and project cost); increased risk from competition and Read more…

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Economies of Scale vs the Learning Curve in the Heat Sector - Presentation.pdf 690.74 KB
23rd
Sep
2010

Can UK Electricity Markets Deliver A Low Carbon Future?

Dr John Rhys, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies The UK electricity market was designed to satisfy the technical requirement to supply a non-storable commodity – electricity – with a continuously changing consumer load pattern, relying on fossil fuel generating plant with particular cost and operating characteristics.  We question whether it is “fit for purpose” in achieving a low carbon electricity sector, dominated by plant with very different operating characteristics. A well-functioning market, and its associated regulatory framework, must inter alia induce efficient behaviour from participants, leading to optimal scheduling/ dispatch generate price signals for allocative efficiency in production and consumption internalise the costs of any continuing CO2 emissions deal adequately with the coordination requirements in transmission planning and system operation above all, provide a secure basis for the large scale and long term investments required to move the power sector to near complete decarbonisation Current market arrangements are likely to fail several of these tests, and are already under criticism in relation to capacity and generation security. The paper will discuss what is needed to induce and finance new investment Read more…

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Can UK Electricity Markets Deliver A Low Carbon Future? - Paper.pdf 208.5 KB
22nd
Sep
2010

The Likely Impact of Mechanism Change on Renewables Targets in the UK: The Reform of the RO and the Introduction of Feed-in Tariffs to the Policy Landscape

Geoffrey Wood , C EP M L P, University of Dundee Although the United Kingdom has had a specific delivery programme for RES-E since 1990, the NFFO and RO, the 2010 (10%), 2015 (15%) and proposed 30-35% RES-E target for 2020 are unlikely to be achieved. In response, the Government has reformed the RO. By introducing technology banding, the ‘reformed RO’ will allocate a higher number of ROCs/MWh to less mature higher-cost technologies that have massive deployment potential (e.g. offshore wind, wave, tidal). However, an analysis of the internal and external failures reveals a number of issues of concern: Government didn’t learn from their own actions during the NFFO-RO transition, evidenced by the high level of similarity in internal and external failures (e.g. planning, grid, policy uncertainty, price risk, mechanism complexity, excessive focus on low cost). Although the reformed RO increases subsidy levels and addresses the main external failures, by not addressing the issue of high price/financial risk and uncertainty, and increasing overall mechanism complexity, it can be seen that the major internal failures have still not been fully addressed. Read more…

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The Likely Impact of Mechanism Change on Renewables Targets in the UK - Poster.pdf 974.1 KB
22nd
Sep
2010

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