Downloads / Energy efficiency

Energy Barometer 2016

Deane Somerville, Knowledge Team Manager, Energy Institute The 2016 Energy Barometer Report captures insights from UK energy professionals and enables them to form the energy debate, policymakers, influencers, the industry and the public. Deane Somerville has worked in the Knowledge Team at the Energy Institute for the past three years, and has been involved in the development and production of the Energy Barometer as well as other Knowledge Service products. Prior to joining the EI, he worked in environmental consulting, focusing on contaminated site remediation. Academically, his background is in Geology as well as Energy and Environmental Technology. Deane is a Graduate member of the Energy Institute.  

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Energy_Barometer_2016-Somerville.pdf 1.35 MB
21st
Sep
2016

Energy Efficiency and pace model

Nadia Ameli , UC Berkeley An economic transition is needed to a low-carbon, sustainable, and job producing model. In thatprocess, improving commercial and residential building energy efficiency is vital given than structures are the site of more than 70 percent of the electricity use1 and almost 40 percent of greenhouse gas emission2 in the United States. To trigger this change, more stringent laws are needed that reduce energy use in buildings, improveenergy efficiency and encourage use of renewable energy such as solar photovoltaic and solarthermal. Regulatory approaches have proven effective, like in United States and Europe. Many barriers exist to the reduction energy consumption: high cost of investment needed for this to happen, lack of information, uncertainly of savings and long payback time. Our research group from the University of California, Berkeley, are evolved in the development of tools that can used to overcome the financing barriers. The Energy Financing Districts were first proposed by the City of Berkeley, California in 2007 and they have received an increasing attention as a mechanism for financing residential or commercial clean energy projects.The Read more…

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Energy Efficiency and pace model - Poster.pdf 989.6 KB
22nd
Sep
2010

Do homes that are more energy efficient consume less energy?

Scott Kelly University of Cambridge With the growing prominence of climate change and the rising costs of domestic energy, the ability to predict domestic energy consumption and carbon emissions from the dwellings is growing in importance. Through the use of structural equation modelling (SEM) and maximum likelihood estimator (ML) the underlying structural relationships that cause energy consumption can be identified and quantified. Using the 1996 English House Condition Survey consisting of 2531 records it is found that there are a number of confounding variables that explain domestic energy consumption. The variables most shown to explain domestic energy consumption include household occupancy rates, household income, winter weekly heating patterns, living room temperatures, dwelling floor area and dwelling energy efficiency (SAP). In this model the direct effects, indirect effects and total effects that each variable has on energy consumption can be calculated. More importantly it is shown that energy efficiency (SAP) has reciprocal causality on energy consumption. Logically, dwelling efficiency is shown to have a direct negative effect on dwelling energy consumption. However, the reverse is also true; homes that have a propensity to consume more energy are also more likely to have higher SAP ratings. Due to Read more…

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Do homes that are more energy efficient consume less energy? - Poster.pdf 5.9 MB
22nd
Sep
2010

Lights, camera, action! Stages of behavioural change and the impact of the climate change film The Age of Stupid

Ms Rachel Howell, The University of Edinburgh Faced with the failure of traditional information campaigns to influence energy-related behaviour, concerned individuals and organisations have been seeking alternative ways to raise concern about climate change and promote lower-carbon lifestyles. One such attempt is the film The Age of Stupid, which depicts the world in 2055 devastated by climate change, combining this with documentary footage which illustrates many facets of the problems of climate change and fossil-fuel dependency. This paper presents the results of a three-stage study into the effects of the film on UK viewers’ attitudes and energy-related behaviour. The film increased concern about climate change, motivation to act, and viewers’ sense of agency, although these effects had not persisted 10-14 weeks after seeing it. Action relating to home energy use, transport, and food consumption/waste was investigated, and the film proved successful in promoting some mitigation efforts and lower-energy behaviour, although respondents reported barriers to further action, such as limited options for improving home energy efficiency among those in rented accommodation. However, filmgoers were atypical of the general public in that Read more…

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22nd
Sep
2010

Heat delivery in a low carbon economy

Mr Jamie Speirs, Imperial College London The delivery of heat to end users is a strategically important part of any transition to a low carbon economy. Recent scenario modelling suggests that electricity will play a majority role in the delivery of heat and other energy services to end-users by 2050 (CCC 2008;DECC 2009;UKERC 2009). There are, however, significant issues associated with delivering a future energy system with such high utilization of electricity. This paper examines the implications of what may be described as the “all-electric” future with regards to: (i) growth in build rates associated with increasing electricity generating capacity; (ii) problems in the management of power flows and the transmission and distribution network with respect to peak electricity demand, which will be significantly increased under all-electric assumptions; (iii) implications for power flows associated with intermittency given the high penetration of renewables (Poyry 2009); and (iv) consequences for end-users through the required modification of homes, including the installation of heat pump systems, under-floor heating and insulation (Boardman 2007;EST 2009). Several of these issues are already of critical concern in the Read more…

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Heat delivery in a low carbon economy - Paper.pdf 422.97 KBHeat delivery in a low carbon economy - Presentation.pdf 994.33 KB
22nd
Sep
2010

Making the least reactive pay: A consumer penalty/reward mechanism for Demand Response programs

Dr Jacopo Torriti, University of Surrey The orthodox approach for incentivising Demand Response (DR) programs is that utility losses from capital costs, installations and planning DR should be recovered under financial incentive mechanisms such as the Cost Recovery Mechanisms and the Lost Revenue Mechanisms. These mechanims aim to ensure that utilities have the right incentives in place to implement DR activities. The national smart metering roll-out in the UK means that utilities will already recover the capital costs associated with DR technology and recoup them through higher bills or upfront fees. This paper introduces a penalty/reward mechanism focusing on consumers. The utility DR planning costs are still recovered through payments from those consumers who do not react to price signals. In addition, those consumers who react to price signals, hence shifting loads, will be rewarded by paying less for their electricity consumption. Because real-time incentives to residential consumers tend to fail due to the negligible amounts associated with net gains (and losses) for the individual consumer, in the proposed mechanism the regulator determines cumulative benchmarks which are matched against responses Read more…

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Making the least reactive pay - Paper.pdf 492.4 KB
22nd
Sep
2010

Effectiveness energy covenants: International evidence

Matthijs De Jong, Erasmus University Rotterdam Several OECD countries use covenants as an important part of their policy to stimulate energy efficiency, carbon reduction and the use of renewable energy. Not much evidence, however, is present about the effectiveness of covenants. Some studies based on micro data find significant effects, others conclude that the effectiveness of covenants is questionable. This study uses yearly (1978-2006) data from 24 OECD countries at the national and sectoral level to analyze the relation between the use of covenants and energy efficiency, carbon dioxide emissions and the use of renewable energy. The database is partly based on public data and partly on a detailed inventory by the authors of the use of covenants in all OECD countries. As also taxes, subsidies and rules are included in the analysis, the study provides also evidence of the relative effectiveness of covenants. It shows that there is very little statistical evidence for the effectiveness of covenants. Many sensitivity analyses, testing all potential relevant assumptions, show that this conclusion is robust. When the covenants are separated in different classes Read more…

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Effectiveness energy covenants: International evidence - Paper.pdf 206.58 KBEffectiveness energy covenants: International evidence - Presentation.pdf 405.49 KB
22nd
Sep
2010

Energy efficiency in Liberalised energy markets – implications for a low carbon futur

Nick Eyre University of Oxford Full liberalisation of retail gas and electricity markets in Great Britain was implemented in 1998. At the time, it was recognised that the new market would provide a complex set of new risks, opportunities and incentives for energy efficiency. The most obvious effect – a reduction in prices driven by competitive pressures – would be damaging for energy efficiency; and there would be risks of existing regulatory-driven programmes being discontinued in a competitive market. On the other hand, transparent re-regulation of natural monopolies provided potential new policy levers. And liberalised markets themselves opened new opportunities for market actors to implement energy efficiency. A dozen years on, this paper reviews the actual outcomes. How important was each of these factors? How important has energy market structure and regulation been, compared to other factors, for energy efficiency? The paper seeks to draw some lessons for what might have been done better. And, for a world in which policy makers might be prepared to be intervene more strongly to secure low carbon and energy security goals, it draws Read more…

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Energy efficiency in Liberalised energy markets - Paper.pdf 133.58 KBEnergy efficiency in Liberalised energy markets - Presentation.pdf 214.67 KB
22nd
Sep
2010

Regulating energy suppliers to deliver energy demand reduction

Dr Nick Eyre, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford  Regulation of energy companies to provide energy efficiency improvements for their customers has a long history, but the UK has led the way in using energy efficiency obligations on energy suppliers to households in fully liberalised markets through the Energy Efficiency Commitment (EEC), now renamed the Carbon Emissions Reduction Target (CERT).  This has increased deployment of cost effective energy efficiency technologies and therefore reduced energy demand growth. EEC is widely seen in the UK as a successful policy and has influenced recent developments in other countries.  However, it has limitations.  The obligation structure does not allow actors other than energy suppliers to own EEC credits, and therefore has not generated a transparent market in energy efficiency.  Mechanisms that allow removal of the volume sales driver for energy suppliers in regulated monopoly markets are not replicable in liberalised markets.  And energy efficiency obligations do not seek to address the growing demand for energy services.  So EEC has not fundamentally changed energy supplier business models, nor has it delivered incentives to consumers to Read more…

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Regulating-energy-demand-to-deliver-energy-demand-reduction-paper.pdf 115.3 KB
25th
Sep
2008

Energy-capital substitution and the rebound effect

Mr Steve Sorrell, Sussex Energy Group, SPRU, University of Sussex  A long-standing controversy within energy economics is whether energy and capital may be considered as ‘substitutes’ or ‘complements’. Despite more than a hundred empirical studies over the last 30 years, there is little sign of consensus on this topic. The issue is also relevant to another long-standing controversy in energy economics, namely the size of any ‘rebound effect’ from improved energy efficiency. Several authors have suggested that: “the greater the ease of substitution between energy and other factors of production, the larger will be the rebound effect.” This paper provides an overview of the literature on energy-capital (E-K) substitution and highlights the implications of this for the rebound effect. It clarifies some important theoretical and methodological issues relevant to estimating E-K substitution and highlights a number of difficulties in how these studies have been interpreted. It argues that the relationship between E-K substitution and the rebound effect is more complex than above statement suggests. The paper first clarifies the different definitions of the ‘elasticity of substitution’ and shows how the Read more…

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25th
Sep
2008

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